Англійські неологізми
Besides, in formation of new units actively participate semisuffixes (or combing forms): - athon, - friendly, - gate, - gram, - hydro, - intensive, - info, -man, -ship, - oriented, a/oholic, - pedia/paedia, - speak, - tool, - watcher, - wide.
Among prefixes which take part in the coinage of neologisms, prefixes and semiprefixes of the Latin origin prevail. It is worth mentioning the most productive of them: ant-, co-, de-, ne-, non-, post-, pre-, sub-, in-.
The characteristic feature of modern suffixes is their severe pragmatic attaching after the certain sphere of their usage, that is their terminology. Besides the considerable part of innovations belongs to the scientific and technical sphere.
The most active on this stage of development of the language derivation is realized in making up new stylistically neutral words which represents the phenomena of public life and acquires wide distribution among linguists.
For example, the suffix -er, semantics of which foresees the agent of action, v+er→N: stalker (a person who follows or pesters somebody, with whom he/she has become obsessed), comper (a person who enters for competitions regularly in order to win as many prizes as possible), slacker (a person regarded as being one of a large group of people, esp. of young adults who are perceived to lack a sense of direction in life). The model of creation neologism by addition to the noun the suffix -ing is interesting: N+ -ing→N, for example: hydrospeeding (a sport in which participants launch themselves down rapids holding on to a float); carjacking (the violent abduction or “hijacking” of a car or its driver).
In policy it is widespread derivation of neologisms with the help of suffix -ism or semisuffix -nomics to the proper names, for example: Brairism (the political and economic policies of the British Labour politician Tony Blair), Majorism, Clintonomics (the economic policies of President Clinton) Nixonomics. Especially important in the aspect of functional neology is efemerism (words of wide use in a certain period of public development, as a rule, connected with activity of political figures which after words pass to the general fund according to the definite events): Thatcherism, Raiganomics.It follows that this model activates as a result of certain changes in the life of the society.
The period of spreading of feministic movement also imposed the imprint on the linguistic system, expressed in the suffixes of the neutral tender colouring, for example: -eer – marketeer (a specialist in marketing), -tron – waitron (a waiter or waitress). The suffix -ed is used in formation of adjectives from verbs, for example, after the model V+ed→Adj. there appeared such neologisms as: oxygenated (containing oxygenate additives which reduce harmful emission such as carbon dioxide), caffeinated (containing caffeine, having had caffeine added), challenged (lacking a physical or mental attribute, not having a specified skill).
Word building with prefixes is less spread, but nevertheless lexical units demonstrate the semantic loading of prefixes and semiprefixes.
In fact not only the root of word but also its affixes show their semantic signs, for example: reskill (to retrain in the skills required by a modern business), outsource (to obtain by contract from a source outside an organization or area; to contract out).Some affixes are more used in everyday intercourse because they have marking “slang”. One of the most active suffixes of slang is a suffix -y/-ie, which developed a new humiliatingly-ironical meaning, forming neologisms after the model N+-y/-ie→N. Words, coined with the help of this suffix, limited in the use and are kept indoors of inofficial communication, mainly among young people. For example: fundie (a fundamentalist, esp. a religious one), foodie (a person whose hobby or main interest is food, a gourment). Although, at the same time in the language there continues to exist the suffix -y in its diminished-tender meaning: techie (an expert in or enthusiast for technology, esp. computing, a technician), monty (everything that is necessary or appropriate, “the works”). Besides the sufficient word building activity is shown by the omonymical suffix -y which forms new adjectives, for example: touchy-feely (given to a tactile expression of one’s feellings, motivated by emotion rather than intellect).
The analysis of structure feature of word building bases leads that among them abbreviations, acronyms, compound words and even phrases which become a new tendecy in derivation of affixes are distinguished. One of the productive models with bases of a similar type is the Acronym model+-ie→N. The innovations after such algorythm have status of words which represent the division of society in the USA and Great Britain into different groups and layers, for example: yuppie (young urban professional) and rumpie (rural upwardly mobile professional). By analogy with these neologisms, other words appear: muppie (middle-aged urban professional person), yeepie (youthful energetic elderly people), woopie (well-off older person).
To neologisms of this type it is possible to concern such words as: dinkie (double income, no kids) – childless family, nilkie (no income, lost of kids) – family with many children of an unemployed person. But the lexical units, formed after this model have ironical connotation strengthened due to the suffix -ie, and their usage is limited by the representatives of the middle class.
On the whole for the word building models of neologisms with the help of affixes the characteristic tendecy is the multisignificance. Especially ramified semantic structure is distinguished by the models of formation nouns with the help of affixes that it is conditioned by their cognition feature to mark objects, phenomena, processes of the real reality in the whole variety of their connections and relations, each of which can find oneself in man’s eyeshot and become the object of process of cognition. The system of word building with the help of affixes of the English language is not only one of the active neogenic methods of addition to dictionary composition but also is marked by high potential to self-fulfilling, what testifies about the appearance of new word building models; affixes and also new components in their semantic structure, and pragmatic differentiation of affixes after different spheres of the use also differs.
The appearance of derivatives is caused by not only nominative necessity of a new denotation but also stylistic factors: the use of derivatives is instrumental in the syntactic compactness of the text, its expressiveness.
The prime example of such words is the compound words where semantic and syntactic compression is observed the same time – the expansion of syntactic functions of initial structure. Compound words are coined in two ways: composition which means drafting of bases and confluence (blending telescopy), the process of formation of the unit itself in which one truncated element and complete form of the other element, is connected.
An underproductive type of making up compound words is also possible. That is the contamination which means imposition of final element of the first word to the omonymical beginning of the second one, as for example, in the word of “twigloo” (“twig”+”igloo”). The formation of telescope nominations and word-bars is caused by “the principle of the least efforts” and is one of the law economy display of language efforts.
The basic model of composition is N+N N besides the new word can be written in one and with a hyphen. For example, basehead (a person who habitually takes cocaine in the form of freebase or crack), towelhead (a person who wears a headcloth or turban), toyboy (an attractive young man who is kept as a lover by an older person), lifestyle (the total sum of the likes and dislikes of a particular customer). The productive model is also A+N A: for example, hard-ass (difficult, tough, uncompromising). Neogenic are also not traditional models, as Adv.+Num. V (for example, “to high-five – to slap high-fives in celebration of something or as a greeting”); V+Adj. Adv (“drop-dead” – referring to an attractive person: very stunningly).Some researchers indicate to existence of separate type of compound words, namely syntactic, the basis of which serve combinations of words; sentences or parts of sentence. The semantic capacity of derivation units is practically unlimited, as they are able to include variable information a linguist intends to pass. For example, hole-in-the-wall (machine which dispenses cash and gives information about a person’s bank accounts).