Лексичні та синтактико-стилістичні зміни в сучасній англійській мові: вплив комп’ютерних технологій

•productive (patterned) ways of word-formation;

•non-productive (non-patterned) ways of word-formation;

•borrowing from other languages.

Semantic extension is the appearance of new lexical meanings of existing words.

(Ginsburg : 184)

1.1.1.Vocabulary Extension

Neologisms are usually coined out of elements, which already exist in Modern English. Deliberate coinage is mostly the product of one’s creativity, ingenuity, and imitation. One should distinguish between patterned and non-patterned ways of word-formation.

The most widely used patterned means are:

•affixation (suffixation and prefixation);

•conversion;

•composition

Neologisms coined by these means are made up of elements already available in the language. The novelty of them lies in the particular combination of these elements.

The affixes that are thought to be the most productive are: -ness, -er, mini-, over-:

e.g.: a roomer, well-to-do-ness, thingness, oneness etc.

The most productive patterns of forming new nouns are:

Verb + -er ,

e.g.: brain-washer, double-talker;

Verb + -ing,e.g.: cracking, phreaking.

The most frequent ways of verb coinage are:

un- + verb,

e.g.: unhook, undo, unbreak;

(adjective/noun + noun) + -ed, e.g.: long-legged, flat-bottomed

The most widely used ways of forming new adjectives are:

verb + -able,

e.g.: attachable, livable-in;