Plekhanov Russian Economic Academy

As regards question (c), you would no doubt be very happy about an increase, and might even be prompted to buy more shares – thus helping to put the market price up. Conversely a decreased dividend would cause to review your investment, perhaps even to sell your shares to take advantage of better investment opportunities elsewhere. Investors tend to believe that dividend changes provide information regarding a company’s futures prospects, and they react accordingly.

3. Practical Factors Affecting Dividend Policy

Whatever dividend policy is thought to be best for a company in theory, certain practical factors influence the decision.

Availability of profit The Companies Act 1985 provides that dividends can only be paid out of accumulated realized profit less realized losses, whether these are capital of revenue. Previous or current years’ losses must be made good before a distribution can be made. If an asset is sold, any realized profit or loss arising can be distributed; but any profit or loss arising from revaluation of an asset cannot be distributed – unless and until the asset is sold.

Availability of cash Profit may be earned during a year and yet it may hot be possible to pay a dividend because of lack of cash. This can arise for different reasons. It may already have been expected or be needed to replace fixed and working assets, perhaps at inflated prices. Large customers may not yet have paid their accounts or cash may be needed to repay a loan.

Other restrictions The company’s articles association may limit the payment of dividends or a lender by insert into a loan agreement to restrict the level of dividends. A company’s dividend policy cannot be so outrageously different from policies followed by similar companies in the same industry; otherwise the market price of its shares could fall.

Dividends may be restricted by government prices and incomes polices.

4. Alternatives to Cash Dividends

In recent years companies have introduced more flexibility into their dividend policy by either:

. issuing shares in place of cash dividends (‘scrip’ dividend);

. repurchasing their shares.

Script dividends Companies may give their shareholders the option to receive shares rather than cash. This has the effect of maintaining company liquidity, and enabling the company to increase earnings by investing the retained cash. However company has to pay ACT on the distribution, and the shareholders have to pay income tax.

Thus, the shareholders can increase his investment in the company, without expense associated with the public issue or a purchase on a stock market, but the same time retain the option to convert his shares into cash at a future date.

Repurchasing shares Since 1981 companies have been allowed to purchase their own shares subject to certain restrictions, and the prior authorization of their shareholders. This is normally done by utilizing distributable profits, and the shares must be cancelled after purchasing.

Repurchasing of shares may be carried out for any of the following reasons:

. to repay surplus cash to shareholders;

. to increase gearing by reducing equity capital;

. to increase EPS by reducing the number of shares related to an unchanging level of profit, and hopefully, therefore, the value of each remaining share;

. to purchase the shares of a large shareholders.

Summary

In this report we have explored an important and long-standing issue in financial research: how do corporations finance themselves, the shares issuing in the Stock Market Exchange and dividend policy of the companies.

And the situation is that the rapidly expanding companies suffer from the retained profit insufficiency and one of the solutions of this financial problem is going public.